Legal issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Essay --

Andrea Beverly Educator McClendon ENGL 1301.A002 17 March 2014 Circumstances and logical results of Human Trafficking: Sexual Exploitation Circumstances and logical results Essay On the news and everywhere throughout the world you hear the term human dealing. What precisely is human dealing? â€Å"Human dealing is basically current slave exchanging, which traps a large number of individuals under water servitude or constrained conditions.† (Siddharth).As many realize today human dealing has become a wonder everywhere throughout the nation. Human Trafficking is a worldwide action where ladies and little youngsters are being exchanged and utilized as sexual abuse. As Siddharth expressed that human dealing is gradually getting one of the most included crimes everywhere throughout the world. Two causes and two impacts on how emphatically our individuals are urged to make a move. One reason for human dealing is powerlessness of lamented criminals.(cite). Most lamenting hoodlums are defenseless, on account of their everyday environments. At the point when they perceive that it is so natural to be a dealer makes this issue substantially more shocking for ladies and little youngsters to be controlled...

Social Phobics Anonymous

Social Anxiety Anonymous/Social Phobics Anonymous Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Social Anxiety Anonymous/Social Phobics Anonymous By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on February 23, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Tom Merton / Getty Images Social Anxiety Anonymous/Social Phobics Anonymous is a non-profit organization offering telephone and in-person support groups following the 12-step program adapted from Alcoholics Anonymous. Participation in meetings is free other than any long-distance charges incurred while attending telephone conference calls to the United States. A Typical Meeting Whether in-person or by telephone conference call, a typical meeting begins with readings from social anxiety literature. Participants are then invited to share personal experiences while other members listen or offer encouragement and support (but not advice or their own experiences). No registration is required to attend a meeting and there is no requirement to share. Meetings end with casual discussion among participants. Do You Need to Be Religious? You do not need to be religious to participate in the 12-step program, however, participants are asked to define their own version of a higher power. This can mean God, the wisdom of the support group, or any other symbol of positive strength in your life. Atheists and agnostics are welcome to attend meetings. Who Can Attend a 12-Step Meeting? Meetings are open for those suffering from any manifestation of social fears, including: Social anxiety disorder (SAD)Avoidant personality disorder (APD)Chronic shynessParuresis What If There Are No Local Meetings in My Area? Local meetings can be started by anyone experiencing problems with social anxiety; you dont need to have overcome your problems or have experience leading a group. The emphasis of meetings is on fellowship and community, and your job will largely be that of moderating the activities of the other participants. The 12 Steps   The 12 steps involve having faith in a higher power (as you define it) to enable you to overcome the struggles related to your social anxiety. As part of this process, you will take an inventory of your weaknesses and strengths, write a purpose statement for yourself, and envision the life that you want. You will also make amends to those that you have harmed in the past, including yourself. Finally, you will maintain contact with your higher power and carry the message of the group to others experiencing difficulty. 12-Step Programs Working for Social Anxiety There is no scientific evidence to support 12-step programs in the treatment of social anxiety. Studies have instead looked at the influence of having social anxiety on the effectiveness of 12-step programs for alcoholism. One study showed that those with social anxiety were less likely to acquire a sponsor. It is unclear if the same problems might arise for those doing 12-step programs specifically for social anxiety. However, it is reasonable to assume that participating in a group setting may be difficult for those with severe anxiety symptoms. Try One of the 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups A Word From Verywell It is important to remember that those running 12-step programs are not trained, mental health professionals. 12-step programs for social anxiety might be best used as an add-on to regular treatmentâ€"a way to share experiences with others going through the same thing.

The Big-Bang Model - 1268 Words

The Big Bang-Was It the Beginning? Edwin Hubbles discovery of 1929 changed the point of view that we are living in an unchanging universe. He discovered that the universe is rapidly expanding. He also observed that the galaxies outside the Milky Way are moving away from us. The speed at which they are moving away varies directly with their distance from the earth. Hubble realized that there must a time, which is now considered to be 14 billion years ago, when what universe is today was a single point in space. He argued that the universe came into being as a result of a violent event, and this concept came to be known as The Big Bang. (Netting) According to this theory, as described by George Musser, it is said that this universe came into existence as a big-bang singularity. Singularities do not exist in the real world. It is an idealistic concept. Singularities are considered to exist at the core of black holes. Matters can flow inside the singularities, but they cannot flow out of them. Our universe is considered to be an inverted black hole. Therefore, the universe is said to be a singularity out of which matter flows. Another difference between the black hole and big-bang singularity is that, an event horizon, inside which we cannot see, surrounds the black hole whereas, a cosmological horizon, outside which we cannot see, surrounds the universe. The critical difference between the cosmological and event horizon is that event horizon remains fixed, however,Show MoreRelatedThe Big Bang Model And The Steady State Model872 Words   |  4 Pagescosmological that try to find the answer were constructed by astronomers. The Big Bang model and the Steady State model are the two that were constructed. These two models claims to explain the beginning and the ending of the universe. The Big Band claims that about 15 to 20 Billion years ago, the universe violently exploded in to being, there was an event called the big bang and began expanding rapidly. The Steady State Model claims the universe has always expanded at a uniform rate with no beginningRead MoreThe Big Bang Theory Of The Universe Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagestowards that the universe was expanding, but this was not enough to separate the Big Bang theory from its’ rivals. A few decades after the redshift concept was discovered, scientists detected groundbreaking evidence that was considered the smoking gun. Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected the remnants of radiation created from the Big Bang. This cosmic background radiation was the thermal radiation left over from the Big Bang. It was collected in the form as omnidirectional microwaves, which was red-shiftedRead MoreScientific View of Creation and the Big Bang Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesScientific View of Creation and the Big Bang A common question among people is why are things the way they are? How was our world created? There are many different theories, from a variety of views. In this paper I will discuss the scientific view of the creation theory. The theory that I will be discussing is the Big Bang Theory, this is currently the theory of creation accepted by most scientists as the explanation of the beginning of the universe. The big bang theory suggests that the universeRead More46546121118 Words   |  5 PagesBig Bang Theory - The Premise The Big Bang theory is an effort to explain what happened at the very beginning of our universe. Discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown beyond a reasonable doubt that our universe did in fact have a beginning. Prior to that moment there was nothing; during and after that moment there was something: our universe. The big bang theory is an effort to explain what happened during and after that moment. According to the standard theory, our universe sprang intoRead MoreAristotle And Ptolemy s Theory Of The Universe1146 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe with a diagram the model of the universe as described by Aristotle and Ptolemy. The universe is like a giant living body, with its leading part being the stars and the Sun, but in which all parts are interconnected, so that what happens in one place affects what happens elsewhere. They also held a cyclical view of history, in which the world was once pure fire and would become fire again (an idea borrowed from Heraclitus). Compare and contrast Copernicus’ model of the universe to that describedRead MoreComparative Essay: â€Å"Original Creation of the Earth (the Big Bang vs. Sis Day Creation)† Phsc 2101438 Words   |  6 Pagesenterprise†. Young - Earth View The secular model to describe the way the universe is created and built is called the Big Bang. It is said that the Big Bang Stories or origin is without a doubt totally fictional. Naturalism and Uniformitarianism is the main driven philosophies behind the Big Bang. It is the model used to describe the formation for the entire universe; it’s the process that is currently operating within the Universe. Big Bang - is also called a â€Å"Singularity† which containsRead MoreHow Man Can Invent Life Changing Inventions Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pagesdid man come into existence? There are a variety of philosophers from every era recorded by man to discuss this topic. The philosophers have had differing and ever-changing ideas about this topic whether it was by the Big Bang or by the Bumba god, or the Christian God. The Big Bang is atheistic, cosmological theory of how the entire universe originated from one enormous quantum fluctuation. The Bumba God is a theistic theory of how an extremely ill god vomited everything into existence. The ChristianRead MoreComparative Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesChristians take a biblical perspective of how the universe was created by a creator. One thought that Christians believe is that God created the earth and accomplished this in six days and rested on the seventh day. This is the model of how a week is set up and the model that we currently follow. Jon W. Green states â€Å"though differences of opinion exist for various doctrinal issues within Christianity, few are more divisive than controversies surrounding the days of creation and the age of the EarthRead MoreThe Big Bang Theory Essay examples827 Words   |  4 PagesThe Big Bang Theory The steady state theory of cosmology claims that the Universe simply exists without changing with time. This theory presents many physical as well as philosophical difficulties. Evidence suggests that the Universe is expanding. While there are ways to explain expansion in a steady state universe, few astrophysicists believe this theory, because there is little evidence to support it. As the first widely held theory about the Universe it is included here for historical completenessRead Morecomparative essays1256 Words   |  6 PagesChristians take a biblical perspective of how the universe was created by a creator. One thought that Christians believe is that God created the earth and accomplished this in six days and rested on the seventh day. This is the model of how a week is set up and the model that we currently follow. Jon W. Green states â€Å"though differences of opinion exist for various doctrinal issues within Christianity, few are more divisive than controversies surroun ding the days of creation and the age of the Earth

Mcdonald s Strength And Weakness - 1280 Words

Abstract McDonalds is considered to be the world’s largest and most globally known fast food restaurant, which serves approximately 69 million consumers daily. This report will evaluate McDonald’s strength and weakness in terms of their ethical claims. The main aim of this report is to consider the reasons why McDonalds has been criticized by most of its consumers in terms of its pollution to its environment and the destruction natural rain forest, furthermore this report will discuss the nutrition effect McDonalds has on its consumers and the unhealthy meals that is produced by the company and how it courses obesity and health issues to its consumers. Contents ï  ¶ INTRODUCTION 2 ï  ¶ DISSCUSION 2 ï  ¶ Ethical issues 1 (Environment) 2 ï  ¶ CRITIQUE 3 ï  ¶ Ethical issue 2 (Nutrition) 3 ï  ¶ CRITIQUE 4 ï  ¶ Conclusion 5 References list 5 ï  ¶ INTRODUCTION Business ethics are applied rules of ethical values that examines the business environment. Whereas claim is an insistence that something is true, without bring witness or proof. McDonalds is examined to be the world’s most globally known fast food restaurant, which serves closely 69 million clients often. McDonald is presently directing in more than 120 countries and had over 35000 districts worldwide and also recognises the business ethics that McDonalds has exercised and the impact of these business ethics to its environment and nutrition. This report is thus an indicator of how well McDonalds is distributing its strengthShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Mcdonald s Australia Holdings1552 Words   |  7 PagesMcDonald’s Australia Holdings, which includes the strengths, weakness, opportunities and the threats. This is used to identify the critical factors that may affect McDonald’s Australia Holdings’ new product and then build on its strengths to reduce the weaknesses , exploit opportunities and avoid potential threats. Besides, based on the SWOT analysis, this report will talk identify a relevant strategy, that is the W-O strategy meaning that improve the weakness and gain the opportunity rounding them. FurtherRead MoreMcdonald s Swot Analysis For Marketing Success1238 Words   |  5 Pagesclearly shows that McDonalds is achieving its success by listening to customers and fulfilling their needs. its recognized through more and more promotions and advertisements and also through its logo design which is a huge yellow M. McDonalds also keep in mind the customers need and by looking at it, they decide what to serve, what will be the price of the product, how to advertise its product and the location of the restaurant. Which will be more convenient to the customers McDonalds also identifiesRead MoreMcdonald s The World s Leading Global Food Service Retailer1409 Words   |  6 PagesSemester Paper McDonald s is the world s leading global food service retailer with over 36,000 locations in over 100 countries. More than 80% of McDonald s restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent local business men and women. The McDonald family moved from Manchester, New Hampshire to Hollywood in the late 1930s, where brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald began working as set movers and handymen at Motion-Picture studios. In October 1948, after the McDonald brothers realizedRead MoreStrategic Management And Business Policy981 Words   |  4 Pagesset in place to increase market development by growing its markets showing an increase in financial potential, specifically in Asian markets. It may seem as though McDonald s has made their mark in every country; however, there are certain markets within Asian regions that remain a blue ocean for the fast food industry. If McDonald s can expand into these regions, they should see a significant profit growth. McDonald’s may be faced with foreign issues regarding strict policies. To combat this, theyRead MoreEssay about McDonalds Business Analysis1311 Words   |  6 Pagesand Maurice McDonald founded in 1948, McDonalds has grown from a small restaurant in California into one of the most recognized brands in the world with a chain of outlets that spans the globe. For over 50 years, McDonalds defined the fast food industry while indelibly etching its golden arches logo on the face of both American and global culture through such icons as character Ronald McDonald and the Big Mac sandwich. Millions of people started their very first jobs at McDonalds while even moreRead MoreMc Donalds Marketing1794 Words   |  8 PagesUse a low cost product to attract consumers. Once the organization uses low cost products, and it has established a relationship with consumers, then the organization will sell additional higher-margin products and services that enhance the consumer s interaction with the low-cost product or service. 1.1 Development of marketing strategy(Executive summary) The techniques that can significantly improve the marketing management in the part of development the following methods are followed. Read MoreProduct Life Cycle : A Product857 Words   |  4 Pagesare more than the profits, they pull the product. (Product of Life, 2011) McDonald s SWOT analysis 2016 Being one of the most favorite fast food places in the world, McDonald’s is a brand which will hardly can be missed by anyone. The SWOT of McDonald’s discusses the reasons that the firm has been able to achieve this height of fame, and why, be it breakfast, lunch or dinner, people may prefer the local McDonald’s. STRENGTH †¢ Brand Equity†¦world-wide †¢ 42% of US fast-food business †¢ Consistency ofRead MoreCompany Internal Strength And Weakness Of Starbucks1199 Words   |  5 PagesIdentifications of the company internal Strength and weakness. Steady and Well-Established Corporate Organization Driving retailer and roaster for brand claim to fame espresso on the planet. Starbucks net revenues were hit hard by the Great Recession, however the organization recouped rapidly, posting a 12.7% expansion in year 2012. Great Product Known for giving prevalent items and administrations. It is a worldwide espresso brand based upon a notoriety for fine items and administrations. PredictableRead MoreFast Food1172 Words   |  5 PagesMarket and environmental analysis of McDonalds Corp – 2003. Market and environmental analysis is an essential part of an organization’s External Analysis. The main objectives of a market analysis are; a) To determine how attractive a market is. b) To understand the dynamics of the market and amend strategies accordingly. Here we apply the dimensions of a Market Analysis to McDonalds corp. 1) Emerging submarkets; McDonalds failed to recognize the changing trend in customer’s preferencesRead MoreStarbucks Inventory Management : Starbucks1195 Words   |  5 Pageson hand past one year or one operating cycle, if longer). Starbucks Corp. s inventories declined from 2013 to 2014 but then increased from 2014 to 2015 exceeding 2013 level due to various factors such as inflation, fluctuating demand and forecasting measures. Starbucks Competitive Analysis: It’s a known fact that Starbucks is one of the leading brand in the market.When we analyse the market we find that Mcdonald s and Dunkin are the competitors in the same product segment. So comparing Starbucks

My Childhood Memory Essay Example For Students

My Childhood Memory Essay We can hold different memorable childhood experiences in our lives. Some can be pleasant and entertaining while others can be unpleasant and deadening. My Childhood Memory. I remember it like yesterday. I spent most of my early childhood in Nepal. Those yearss. Nature was my resort area and nature was my plaything. I have many particular childhood memories but some are really particular to me. It happened to me when I was in the 7th class. I used to compose verse forms when I was 11 old ages old. My gramps was a celebrated songster. I wrote many verse forms in my childhood. My grampss. ever encouraged me to be a good poet. He used to state. I like your verse form. One twenty-four hours you will be great poet. aˆ On Friday. May 7. 2003. the conditions was truly nice. The Sun was reflecting brilliantly in the sky. but I was nervous because I was traveling to take part in a poem competition. We by and large competed with our friends in a poem competition. argument. quiz competition. volleyball. football and other games. I was fond of taking portion in the excess – curricular activities in school. We were informed to take portion in a verse form competition and recitation competition. I wrote a verse form about patriotismaˆ to take portion in it. There were about 90 participants. Possibly. I was the smallest one because most of the rivals were from category 9 and 10. Finally. person called me on the phase. I went to the phase and started declaiming my verse form. When everyones turn was over. we were called to maintain rather and our principal ( Head teacher ) Dr. Roni. Appeared on the phase. Harmonizing to the consequence. I got first place. That minute. I was wholly delighted with it. I was highly happy. I have no any word to depict that minute. The eyes of my British instructor. Jems were truly large. as if to demo me ; I dont know why. he was wholly defeated with me. He slapped my arm quickly. so he saidaˆ I know. Rajan. this is non your creative activity. You are really little. you cant write verse forms about nationalism. You dont hold good cognition about nationalism. Dont do me huffy. Stupid. Im traveling to call off your verse form. You know who am I. You know right. He used to donate more money to this school. He was rich British cat. Then few proceedingss subsequently. He opened oxford dictionary. Then he asked with me more than 30 significance of the English words. I still retrieve one word. that clip. he had asked me foremost word was Abjureaˆ so I said it means to reject. He used to inquire really fast. so I was really nervous. He made me nervous. Again he said. you did non understand what Im stating adult male? travel place! Unfortunately. some of the instructors expressed their dissatisfaction about consequence. particularly about the first place. I felt really nervous. uneasy and defeated. They strongly questioned the Judgess. how a category seven male child got first place. There were more rivals from higher categories. The Judgess. were afraid of the instructor. After a few proceedingss. they cancelled my verse form. They claimed that such a hard verse form could non be composed by me. In fact. I had written by myself. Then I felt highly unpleasant with them. and asked why my verse form was cancelled. as I composed it on my ain. But I could non acquire any reply at all. Nowadays. excessively I question myself about that unpleasant me morable childhood event. I have non got any ground. Since so. I have neer taken portion in poem competition. Because I was psychologically discouraged. I want to be good author in my hereafter. But I will neer bury that memorable childhood experience in my life.

Pharmaceutical Industry free essay sample

Pharmaceutical Industry Introduction 1 The pharmaceutical industry entails a team involved in the invention of a drug. The team consists of the drug producers, formulators, promoters and prescribers. (Swayne, Duncan, amp; Ginter, 2011) Since the foundation of the pharmaceutical industry in the 90’s with inventions of Insulin and Penicillin, the purpose of the pharmaceutical companies has been for production of Medicines and medical devices. Ency) The purposes of their product are solely for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in humans and animals. In this case study, we will describe the pharmaceutical industry and its products, evaluate its market size, and name its major players. We will also talk about the research and development involve in the production of a drug, describe the approval process of a drug and a short summary of our evaluation of the industry. . Medicines have been classified into three different 3 different groups, over the counter drugs, pre scription drugs, and generics. We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmaceutical Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Prescription and over the counter medications (OTC) are the most commonly abused substances after alcohol and marijuana in Americans 14 years and older. Although many think that OTC and prescription drugs are safer than illicit drugs, it is only true when there are taken in the prescribed amount and for the right illnesses. Among the commonly abused medications are many prescribed drugs which include Addictive, sedative and antidepressants, and stimulants. National institute of Drug Abuse, 2013) Since some medications have psychoactive and strong sedative complicated effects, The Food and Drug Administration and pharmaceutical companies are collaborating in deciding what medications should be more restricted and require the prescription of a specialist while others can be purchased from over the counter. In determining what medication can be purchased over the counter, the FDA created a list of 80 categories and over 800 ingredients that can be used as OTC treatments without the need for prescription. While medications that did not have these ingredients had to be regulated by the FDA. The FDA then evaluates the safety of the drug for the public before it becomes a prescription drug. Being in the medical field, the term generic is one that I hear very often. So what does it mean for a medication to become generic? When medications are first manufactured, they use the chemical name of the ingredients which they are made off and they are tagged with a patent that last for 20 years, for example Atorvastatin becoming the generic LIPITOR. During the patent period, no competitors are allowed and their prices are significantly higher than it would be as a generic. After the 20 years of being patent expires, the drug becomes generic and it changes its name to the company’s name, and its prices drop while competitors emerge. Take for example in 2002, patented brands averaged up to $75. 82 and generic drugs averaged up to $27. 16. (Swayne, Duncan, amp; Ginter, 2011) Market Size and Major Players The Pharmaceutical industry represents about $0. 5 trillion globally the pharmaceutical company is worth over $300 billion a year and it’s expected to rise to $400 billion within 3 years. With more than 80 percent of the sales in 10 nations, 10 of the largest drug companies control over 1/3rd of the market. 85% of global pharmaceuticals are in North, South America, and Europe. Major countries involved include the U. S, Japan, Switzerland, Germany, Russia, China, South Korea, and Mexico. Six of these markets are based in the U. S and four in Europe. The United States remains the leading market with over 45% of world spending and 2. 1% of its GDP. (WHO, 2013) The major players of the pharmaceutical companies today continue to be those that have been in existence since the 90’s. Pfizer has remained a top player for the past several years. Novartis jumped from the #2 to #3 position due to its Alcon revenues, while Meck jumped from #6 to #3. Below is a list of top pharmaceutical companies based on 2010 revenues in millions; 1. Pfizer $58 2. Novartis $44 3. Merck amp; co $39 4. Sanofi $37 5. GlaxoSmithKline $36 6. AstraZeneca $32 7. Johnson amp; Johnson $22 8. Eli Lilly amp; Co. $21 9. Abbott Laboratories $19 10. Bristol-Myers Squibb $19 (Gill, 2011) Below is a list of the pharmaceutical companies in the USA, based on 2012 revenues in millions; 1. Pfizer $67 . Johnson amp; Johnson $65 3. Merck amp; co $48 4. Abbott Laboratories $38 5. Eli Lilly amp; Co. $24 6. Bristol-Myers Squibb $21 7. Amgen $15 8. Gilead Sciences $8 9. Mylan $6 10. Allergan $5 (Fortune 500, 2012) Globalization is certainly taking a toll in the pharmaceutical companies. Pharmaceutical companies are going global and swooping in to purchase drugs which have passed the early phase of testing in other countries. Take for example a partnership that occurred in the early months of May 2011 between Sanofi Co and Glenmark for the purchase of an anti-inflammatory drug for Crohn’s disease. The pharmaceutical company also paid Glenmark for the same drug to be marketed in other countries such as japan, mexico, china and Uruguay. This step towards globalization will help for better collaboration, sharing of information, better outcomes with research and development investments and in the future better drug pricing. (Sophia, 2011) Furthermore, in a more recent article Merck amp; Co and Pfizer Inc. announced a worldwide collaboration for a development of an ertugliflozin for treatment for type II diabetes. Since they intend on sharing the revenues and costs, this will eventually reduce the amount needed per company on the drug, reduce the cost of marketing, and the worldwide distribution of the drug could help with a reduction in the cost of the drug as per pill. (Wireless news, 2013) Research and Development The role of Research and development is vital in a pharmaceutical company. It is important for the discovery of a new medication, more about diseases, cure, prevention and diagnosis. Without research and development for new drugs in a pharmaceutical company, they will eventually have no revenue. Over the past decades, the number of new drugs that have been approved each year has relatively remained stable of an average rate of 15-25. (Susan, 2012) Most pharmaceutical companies have been known to spend one-third to one-fourth on marketing, which is about twice the amount spend on research and development. Pharmaceutical companies claim research and development is more vital than marketing, but since marketing brings in the finances multiple reviews have shown that more is certainly spent on marketing than on research and development. An independent analysis of these industries revealed that they spend only about 1. 3% of its revenues on research and development (Ramp;D), 4/5th of its research funds for vaccines and new drugs actually comes from public funds. (Susan, 2012) Although some government funds are also given, they are solely for research on diseases and their preventions. Unlike other product manufacturers, one out of every 10,000 discovered compounds actually becomes a drug approved for sale, so there is a huge chance of invested money loss. A lot of the money invested in a drug is in the early phases of the drug, and among the many drugs approved only 1 out of every 3 drugs generates enough revenue to cover the development cost. The average cost of developing a successful drug been estimated to be about $1. 3 billion. (Susan, 2012) Although research and development cost has risen about $34. 2 billion between 1995 and 2010, revenues have risen even faster by $200. 4 billion within the same period. As the cost of research and development remain expensive and stable, and pressures for profit rises, many of the major organizations turned to In-licensing. In-Licensing is a partnership that develops between companies. For example In-Licensing Company specializes in just Ramp;D and they collaborate with larger pharmaceuticals which eventually markets the drug. (Swayne, Duncan, amp; Ginter, 2011) FDA Approval Process The approval process of a drug is a long, expensive, complicated and time consuming process. Most drugs take about 8-10 years for their approval. Drugs go through certain stages of evaluation. Two stages include; Investigational New Drug (IND); they review the process to determine whether the product was suitable for use in clinical trials. New New Drug Application (ND): they review the process to determining the benefit or risk profile of a drug prior to its approval for marketing. The complete process includes pre-clinical research, clinical studies and the NDA reviews. The pre-clinical research consists of synthesis, purification of the drug, and short or long term animal testing. Clinical studies consist of 3 pre-approval stages and one in the post marketing stages. Phase 1 which is the first trial for testing in rural healthy volunteers, this plays a role in testing safety, tolerance and pharmacokinetics. Phase 2 is the first trial on individuals with the disease to be treated, diagnosed or prevented. It is used to determine the efficacy, safety, and dosage regimens. Phase 3 is an expanded clinical trial which gets additional evidence for determining the evidence and specific indications as well as adverse effects. Phase 4 is post marketing studies, it determines the incidence of adverse reactions and serious effects that were not identified in prior phases. After a drug passes all of these stages, it is patented for 20 years from the date of its application. During this period of the drug’s patent and a period of being exclusive, no competitors are allowed to offer their products. When the product becomes generic, competitors goes through the FDA approval process, and are approved only if they are as efficacious as the generic brand. The competitor brand drug goes through all of the process of evaluation, but the generic drug goes through a similar process except instead of animal studies, clinical studies and bioavailability, it only undergoes bio-equivalence and instead of going through NDA requirements it goes through an ANDA requirement. Swayne, Duncan, amp; Ginter, 2011) Conclusion Pfizer one of the top pharmaceutical industries is ranked among the top 50 fortune companies in fortune magazine, without a doubt pharmaceutical companies are among the the top business moguls in the world today. With stabilization in the amount of drugs released yearly and the amount of increase in revenues per drug, and per pharmaceutical compani es, critics question the increase in prescription pills. Between 2002 and 2003, the average cost of brand name drugs protected under the patent rose from $75. 2 to $84. 21, while the generic only rose from $27. 16 to $30. 56. (Swayne, Duncan, amp; Ginter, 2011) The pharmaceutical industry in their defense complains that the research and development cost have risen significantly and they also complains that the cost of development have increased which is also true. Between 1995 and 2010, they have been a rise in $34. 2 billion dollars which pharmaceutical companies complain about, in 1997 the cost of one single drug was $802 million and in 2005 it had increased to $1. billion. Pharmaceutical companies claim the increase in cost is due to the gamble of making a new drug, time in Ramp;D and in the FDA approval’s process. (Johar, 2012) These companies fail to mention that within the same period they have been an even faster rise in revenues by $200. 4 billion. (Susan, 2012) In ac tual fact, the net profit made by pharmaceutical company is higher than profits for all of the fortune 500 companies, it was ranked first for return in revenues in 2005 (Johar, 2012). In other reviews, 9 out of 10 newly approved medications offer only minor variations from older drugs and these drugs have been shown to be very profitable to these industries. With the rising cost of healthcare, increasing premium insurances and increasing co-pay, certainly changes needs to occur in the pharmaceutical industry. Reference Fortune 500 (2013) Top Pharmaceutical Industries. Retrieved from http://money. cnn. com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/industries/21/ Gil y. Roth (2011) The Top 20 pharmaceutical companies. Contract Pharma.